having a clear or distinct meaning or outline
adjective
Examples:
• The roles are clearly defined in the contract.
• She has well-defined goals for the future.
determined by conditions or circumstances
preposition
Examples:
• The price varies depending on the size.
• We might go to the beach, depending on the weather.
a mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest
noun
Examples:
• She was diagnosed with clinical depression.
• Depression can affect anyone regardless of age.
a severe economic downturn lasting several years
noun
Examples:
• The Great Depression started in 1929.
• The country fell into an economic depression.
to give a detailed account of something in words
verb
Examples:
• Can you describe what happened?
• She described the suspect to the police.
the state of having paid work; the activity of employing people
noun
Examples:
• Employment rates have risen over the past year.
• She found employment at a local hospital.
limited to a particular person, group, or area; not shared
adjective
Examples:
• The hotel has an exclusive restaurant for its guests.
• They signed an exclusive deal with the publisher.
a reason given to justify a fault or offence
noun
Examples:
• He always has an excuse for being late.
• There's no excuse for that kind of behaviour.
to forgive someone for a minor fault
verb
Examples:
• Please excuse me for interrupting.
• Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the station?
a person who has extensive knowledge or skill in a particular area
noun
Examples:
• She is an expert in cybersecurity.
• The experts agree that climate change is a serious threat.
having or involving great knowledge or skill
adjective
Examples:
• She provided expert advice on the matter.
• He is an expert negotiator.
regularly; at short intervals
adverb
Examples:
• She frequently travels to Europe for work.
• This question is frequently asked by new users.
a game played on a large outdoor course in which a ball is struck with clubs into a series of holes
noun
Examples:
• He plays golf every Saturday morning.
• The golf course overlooks the ocean.
smoothness and elegance of movement; courteous goodwill
noun
Examples:
• She moved across the stage with grace.
• He accepted defeat with grace.
it is hoped that; in a hopeful manner
adverb
Examples:
• Hopefully, the weather will be nice tomorrow.
• She looked at him hopefully.
to recognize or establish what something or someone is
verb
Examples:
• Can you identify the person in this photo?
• Scientists identified a new species of butterfly.
the quality of being important or significant
noun
Examples:
• Education is of great importance.
• She stressed the importance of teamwork.
past tense of lay; put down gently or carefully
verb
Examples:
• She laid the baby in the crib.
• He laid the cards on the table.
the second of two things or people mentioned
noun
Examples:
• Between tea and coffee, I prefer the latter.
• The latter option seems more practical.
the making of goods on a large scale using machinery
noun
Examples:
• Manufacturing has declined in many Western countries.
• The city has a strong manufacturing sector.
a material thing that can be seen and touched
noun
Examples:
• There was a strange object in the sky.
• The museum is full of interesting objects.
to express disagreement or opposition
verb
Examples:
• Several members objected to the proposal.
• I object to being treated this way.
a repeated or regular arrangement of shapes, colours, or designs
noun
Examples:
• The fabric has a beautiful floral pattern.
• They noticed a pattern in the crime data.
people employed in an organization or engaged in military service
noun
Examples:
• All personnel must attend the safety briefing.
• The company is hiring additional personnel.
a particular way of considering something; a point of view
noun
Examples:
• Try to see things from her perspective.
• The course gave me a new perspective on history.
carrying a developing embryo or foetus within the body
adjective
Examples:
• She is six months pregnant.
• Pregnant women should avoid certain foods.
a prime minister or head of government
noun
Examples:
• The premier announced new economic policies.
• She was elected premier last year.
first in importance, order, or position; best
adjective
Examples:
• It is the premier research university in the country.
• The Premier League is the top football league in England.
to support or actively encourage something; to advance someone to a higher position
verb
Examples:
• The campaign aims to promote healthy eating.
• She was promoted to senior manager.
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order; a dramatic and wide-reaching change
noun
Examples:
• The French Revolution began in 1789.
• The smartphone caused a revolution in communication.
very great in degree; serious or harsh
adjective
Examples:
• The region experienced severe flooding.
• She suffered severe injuries in the accident.
to assume that something is the case without having proof
verb
Examples:
• I suppose you're right about that.
• Suppose it rains — what will we do then?
an instrument or device used to carry out a particular function
noun
Examples:
• A hammer is a basic tool for any handyman.
• The software is a powerful tool for data analysis.
a series of contests between a number of competitors, competing for a prize
noun
Examples:
• She won the tennis tournament.
• The chess tournament attracted players from around the world.
a large bird native to North America, commonly eaten as food
noun
Examples:
• We always have turkey for Thanksgiving.
• The turkey was roasted to perfection.
a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or event
noun
Examples:
• The victims of the earthquake need urgent help.
• She was a victim of identity theft.
to seize someone by legal authority and take them into custody
verb
Examples:
• The police arrested the suspect yesterday.
• He was arrested for shoplifting.
the act of seizing someone and taking them into custody
noun
Examples:
• The arrest took place early in the morning.
• There have been several arrests in connection with the case.
to be present at an event or gathering
verb
Examples:
• Over 500 people attended the conference.
• Are you planning to attend the wedding?
to officially prohibit something
verb
Examples:
• The city banned smoking in public parks.
• Several countries have banned plastic bags.
an official prohibition
noun
Examples:
• There is a ban on fishing in this lake.
• The government imposed a ban on imported goods.
exceptionally clever or talented; very bright or vivid
adjective
Examples:
• She is a brilliant scientist.
• The sunset was a brilliant shade of orange.
a chemical element that forms the basis of all known life and occurs in many forms
noun
Examples:
• Carbon dioxide levels continue to rise.
• Diamonds are made of pure carbon.
relating to the Roman Catholic Church
adjective
Examples:
• She was raised in a Catholic family.
• The Catholic Church has over a billion members worldwide.
a round plane figure whose boundary is equidistant from its centre
noun
Examples:
• Draw a circle on the paper.
• They sat in a circle around the campfire.
a live musical performance given in public
noun
Examples:
• We went to a rock concert last night.
• The concert hall was completely sold out.
a violent collision, especially of vehicles
noun
Examples:
• Three people were injured in the car crash.
• The stock market crash wiped out billions of dollars.
to collide violently with an obstacle or another vehicle
verb
Examples:
• The car crashed into a tree.
• My computer crashed and I lost all my work.
announced officially or publicly stated
verb
Examples:
• The government declared a state of emergency.
• She declared her intention to run for office.
to bring goods or letters to a person or place
verb
Examples:
• The package will be delivered tomorrow.
• She delivered a powerful speech at the conference.
the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of something
noun
Examples:
• The pool has a depth of two metres.
• We explored the topic in great depth.
a person appointed to act as a substitute for another
noun
Examples:
• The deputy mayor chaired the meeting.
• She was appointed deputy director of the agency.
covered or marked with an unclean substance; not clean
adjective
Examples:
• His hands were dirty from working in the garden.
• Don't put your dirty shoes on the couch.
past tense of earn; received in return for labour or services
verb
Examples:
• She earned a promotion after years of hard work.
• He earned fifty thousand dollars last year.
relating to or using devices that operate on principles of electronics
adjective
Examples:
• Electronic devices must be turned off during takeoff.
• She prefers reading electronic books.
a mistake or inaccuracy
noun
Examples:
• There was an error in the report.
• The system displayed an error message.
the fact or state of existing or being
noun
Examples:
• The existence of life on other planets remains unproven.
• They struggled for existence in harsh conditions.
the act of conveying thoughts or feelings; a look on someone's face
noun
Examples:
• She had a surprised expression on her face.
• Music is a form of artistic expression.
a building where goods are manufactured in large quantities
noun
Examples:
• The factory produces cars for the domestic market.
• Hundreds of workers were laid off when the factory closed.
the inner part of something; the inside
noun
Examples:
• The interior of the house was beautifully decorated.
• The Ministry of the Interior handles domestic affairs.
situated on the inside; inner
adjective
Examples:
• The interior walls were painted white.
• Interior design is her passion.
a feeling of great pleasure and happiness
noun
Examples:
• The birth of their child brought them great joy.
• She jumped for joy when she heard the news.
laws enacted by a legislative body
noun
Examples:
• New legislation was passed to protect the environment.
• The legislation aims to reduce carbon emissions.
the process of keeping something in good condition through regular checking and repair
noun
Examples:
• The building requires regular maintenance.
• Car maintenance can prevent expensive repairs.
a friend or companion (informal, chiefly British)
noun
Examples:
• He went out for drinks with his mates.
• She's been my best mate since childhood.
one of a pair of animals that breed together
noun
Examples:
• The bird was searching for a mate.
• Wolves choose a mate for life.
not far away; close by
adjective
Examples:
• We stopped at a nearby restaurant for lunch.
• Is there a pharmacy nearby?
a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant
noun
Examples:
• The noise from the construction site was unbearable.
• What was that strange noise outside?
the point where something begins or arises; ancestry or background
noun
Examples:
• The origin of the tradition is unknown.
• She is of Japanese origin.
a flat board or section forming part of a surface; a group assembled to discuss a topic
noun
Examples:
• The solar panel generates electricity from sunlight.
• A panel of experts discussed the findings.
the combination of characteristics that form an individual's distinctive character
noun
Examples:
• She has a warm and outgoing personality.
• His personality clashed with that of his boss.
a flat dish from which food is eaten or served
noun
Examples:
• She put the food on the plate.
• There were dirty plates piled up in the sink.
to make ready for use or an event; to get ready
verb
Examples:
• She prepared dinner for the whole family.
• You should prepare for the exam well in advance.
a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress
noun
Examples:
• It was a relief to hear that everyone was safe.
• She breathed a sigh of relief.
the refusal to accept or comply with something; the ability to withstand
noun
Examples:
• There was strong resistance to the new policy.
• Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics.
the sale of goods to the public in small quantities for personal use
noun
Examples:
• She has worked in retail for over ten years.
• The retail price is higher than the wholesale price.
a cereal grain that is a staple food in many countries
noun
Examples:
• Rice is the main crop in this region.
• Would you like rice or potatoes with your meal?
the top covering of a building or vehicle
noun
Examples:
• The roof was damaged by the storm.
• They sat on the roof and watched the sunset.
a feeling of humiliation or distress caused by wrong or foolish behaviour
noun
Examples:
• He felt a deep sense of shame about what he had done.
• It's a shame you couldn't come to the party.
to a moderate extent or degree
adverb
Examples:
• The task proved somewhat more difficult than expected.
• I'm somewhat surprised by the result.
a small amount of money given as a gratuity for services
noun
Examples:
• She left a generous tip for the waiter.
• They always leave a fifteen percent tip when dining out.
a useful piece of advice or information
noun
Examples:
• She gave me some helpful tips for cooking risotto perfectly.
• The travel guide was full of practical tips for visiting on a budget.
not qualified or diminished in any way; total and complete
adjective
Examples:
• The king held absolute power.
• That's absolute nonsense.
the activity of producing advertisements for commercial products or services
noun
Examples:
• The company spends millions on advertising.
• She works in the advertising industry.
a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players
noun
Examples:
• Baseball is often called America's pastime.
• He played baseball in college.
a room containing a bath or shower and typically also a sink and toilet
noun
Examples:
• The bathroom needs to be cleaned.
• Excuse me, where is the bathroom?
a thick rope or wire used for fastening, mooring, or towing; a set of insulated wires for transmitting signals
noun
Examples:
• The cable car takes you to the top of the mountain.
• We cancelled our cable subscription and switched to streaming.
not showing or feeling nervousness, anger, or other strong emotions; peaceful
adjective
Examples:
• She remained calm during the crisis.
• The sea was calm after the storm.
to make someone tranquil and quiet
verb
Examples:
• She tried to calm the frightened child.
• Calm down and tell me what happened.
a contest for the position of champion in a sport or game
noun
Examples:
• The team won the national championship.
• The championship game will be held next Saturday.
a person who uses the services of a professional person or organization
noun
Examples:
• The lawyer met with her client before the trial.
• We need to keep our clients satisfied.
occurring continuously over a period of time; unchanging
adjective
Examples:
• There was a constant stream of visitors.
• The temperature remained constant throughout the day.
members or supporters of the Democratic Party in the United States
noun
Examples:
• The Democrats won a majority in the House.
• She has always voted for the Democrats.
stupid or foolish (informal)
adjective
Examples:
• That was a really dumb mistake.
• He asked a dumb question.
a large group of territories or peoples under a single ruler or authority
noun
Examples:
• The Roman Empire lasted for centuries.
• He built a business empire from nothing.
causing great enthusiasm and eagerness
adjective
Examples:
• It was the most exciting game of the season.
• She has some exciting news to share.
the action of becoming larger or more extensive
noun
Examples:
• The company announced plans for expansion.
• The expansion of the universe is accelerating.
to put or keep out of sight; to conceal oneself
verb
Examples:
• She tried to hide the present behind her back.
• The children hid under the bed.
an event, especially one that is unusual, unpleasant, or violent
noun
Examples:
• The police are investigating the incident.
• There were no major incidents during the protest.
to be in charge of; to succeed in doing something difficult
verb
Examples:
• She manages a team of twenty people.
• We managed to finish the project on time.
people who are professionally involved in politics
noun
Examples:
• Politicians from both parties attended the meeting.
• Many people distrust politicians.
to produce text or images on paper using a machine
verb
Examples:
• Can you print this document for me?
• The newspaper is printed every morning.
text or images produced on paper
noun
Examples:
• The print was too small to read.
• She bought a framed print of the painting.
to leave a job, school, or activity permanently
verb
Examples:
• She quit her job to travel the world.
• He quit smoking three years ago.
past tense of refuse; indicated unwillingness to do or accept something
verb
Examples:
• She refused to answer the question.
• The bank refused his loan application.
the faculty or power of seeing; something that is seen
noun
Examples:
• The sunset was a beautiful sight.
• He lost his sight in a childhood accident.
to make musical sounds with the voice
verb
Examples:
• She loves to sing in the shower.
• The birds were singing in the trees.
relating to the former Soviet Union or its system of government
adjective
Examples:
• The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
• Soviet architecture has a distinct style.
an object designed or used for inflicting harm or damage
noun
Examples:
• The police found the weapon at the crime scene.
• Nuclear weapons pose a threat to global security.
covered or saturated with water or another liquid
adjective
Examples:
• The grass was wet with morning dew.
• Don't sit on the wet paint!
extending or reaching throughout the world
adjective
Examples:
• The company has a worldwide presence.
• The pandemic had a worldwide impact.
the date on which an event took place in a previous year
noun
Examples:
• They celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary.
• Today marks the anniversary of the company's founding.
pleasing to look at; appealing or interesting
adjective
Examples:
• She found him very attractive.
• The offer is financially attractive.